What does fl mean?

Floruit (fl.) is a Latin term that is often used in historical and biographical contexts when referring to the period during which a person was active or at the height of their influence and productivity.
Floruit is derived from the Latin verb flōreō, which translates to bloom, flourish, or thrive.
ft. is utilized to signify the approximate period during which a person or thing was most active or prominent, particularly when their exact birth and death dates are unknown.

Example:
William Shakespeare (fl. 1589–1616): The celebrated English playwright and poet whose works were written and performed during this timeframe.

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